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John Braithwaite's Influence on Sociology

I chose to examine John Braithwaite and analyze his major theory on restorative justice and to a lesser extent, peacebuilding in fractured societies. I conducted internet research on Braithwaite and his theories. I found information regarding Braithwaite’s early life and progress into sociology to be scarce. I believe this is not uncommon when dealing with living and active persons who desire privacy in their private lives. Information in regards to Braithwaite’s work, however, is more than ample. Most of the material I used related to the Australian National University. I also read selections from studies done in peacebuilding. I found a fascinating mixture of hope and responsibility…

 

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Economics Q & A

1) The current recession is the longest since the Great Depression in the 1930’s. We are still far from a recovery with unemployment at about 9.7% and weekly new jobless claims at 442,000+. In your view, are we about to grow out of the recession or will it continue? In addition to the unemployment data, support your positions with such economic indicators as: new housing starts, used home sales, GDP growth, etc.
The current recession or financial crises began in United States of America and created a domino effect of creating instability in the financial markets the world over; the spark of this recession ignited fire around December 2007. Our current financial crisis is also known as sub-prime mortgage crisis and it occurred because of reckless practices of giving out loans, without backing them with security or collateral. Obviously this credit bubble that had been blown by investment and commercial banks primarily popped when loans started going bad and risky borrowings got exposed. The fall of Lehman Brothers was a major blow as it created a situation of panic. This was also accompanied by a fall in house and share prices.
If we look at the latest statistics regarding the overall condition of the economy, there are evident indications of recovery. According to an economic report published in Market Watch (www.marketwatch.com), the US economy has grown at the rate of 5.6% during the last 3 months of 2009. According to the report, during the past year US real GDP had grown by 0.1%. It is said that the increase in this GDP figure should be associated with changes in inventories and not by final sales; in addition, on average the before tax profits have risen by 8% and a modest rise in consumer spending. A rise in business profit also indicates a probable rise in investments and increase in employment in future.
Martin Feldstein, the former president and founder of the National Bureau of Economic Research, has predicted that the recession will end in the year 2010. Now coming to some facts, we all know that a rise in spending shows an increase in aggregate demand in an economy signified by a high GDP, this marks the end of recession. The following graph shows the year to year change in new car registration in UK. The graph clearly shows the fall in the % change in registrations in 2008 of around 25% to 35%, especially towards its end. However the month of November 2009 marks a sharp rise in this figure of 57%. And there has been a positive change in the percentage in 2010 so far.

Source: The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. (Mearns, 2010)
Question: What is meant by financial value? Compare and contrast three evaluation methods relative to the decision-making process to create financial value. Compare these methods by examining the methods themselves, the application of the methods, and their validity and reliability.
The financial value of a firm refers to the worth a business has constructed over its lifetime and through its operations. A firm’s profitability is the main determinant of the result of its policies and decisions. There are a number of evaluation methods that assess the effectiveness of a firm’s operations. Three methods of evaluating the value of a firm are profit margin on sales, return on total assets and return on equity.
Profit margin on sales is calculated by dividing the net income of a company through its sales.
Profit Margin on sales = Net income available to common stockholders/ Sales
A firm can compare its figure by the industry average to assess its performance. If a company finds its ratio to be low, it can judge that most probably its costs are very high and so it needs to increase its efficiency and operations.
Return on total assets (ROA) is the ratio of net income to total assets of a firm. If a firm finds its ROA to be low, it means that the firm is not utilizing its resources properly and is not investing in the right direction. (Return on assets) . It can be calculated as
Return on total assets = Net income / Total Assets
Return on Common Equity (ROE) is the ratio of a firm’s net income to its equity. It shows the return that a firm is getting over each dollar of its equity. It tells the investors if they are investing at the right place. It can be calculated as
ROE = Net income / Common Equity
Question: What is meant by the term econometric techniques? Provide at least two examples of its use in financial studies.
Econometrics is a quantitative analysis of economic theories through the use of inferential statistics and mathematics. (wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn)
It has a lot of use in economics, for instance econometrics has been used to find the positive relationship between consumption and income to come up with the Keynesian consumption function, whose slope is MPC or marginal propensity to consume.
Another example of it is to find the relationship between labor force participation and the level of GDP in the economy. Statistical methods can be applies, keeping in mind the presence of other factors such as the level of technological advancement.
Question: How can the analysis of financial statements are used in dissertation research?
The financial statements of a firm are its accounts which include its statements of cash flows, balance sheet etc. the analysis of financial statements can be used to describe the relationship between 2 phenomena such as the effect on household income due to the introduction of a few new developmental projects by the governments. Based on the relationship, a firm or individual can used to create a thesis or dissertation. Through this government can know the effects of a rise in its developmental investments. The resulting information can also be valuable for various sections of the market, to analyze how government can use the rise in GDP as an indicator of future spending.

 

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The Sociology of Scientific Knowledge

Sociology of Scientific Knowledge is a relatively new addition to sociology, emerging only several decades ago in the late 1970’s, and focuses on the theories and methods of science. It is seen as a notable success within the fields of sociology and sociology of science. In its infancy, SSK was primarily a British academic endeavor. These days, it is studied and practiced all over the world, with heavy influences in Germany, Scandinavia, Israel, the Netherlands, France, Australia, and North America.
David Hess tells us that in science, a black box is any device for which the input and output are specified but the internal mechanisms are not. “Sometimes the study of this content is described as ‘opening a black box’” (Whitley 1972). Advocates of SSK have criticized the Institutional Sociology of Science of leaving a black box of content unopened, and examining only the exogenous, institutional aspects of science and technology. Traditionally, studying the content of science from a sociological perspective had been very controversial.
Hess tells us that one way to characterize this s…

 

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The Dancer's Gift and Sociology

“The Dancer’s gift” is a love story between a young man and woman, Marcel and Samantha. But this novel was written not only to call feelings about love and passion; the main goal was to introduce students to sociological concepts. Overall, the book includes more than 180 sociological terms that flow with the story and closely connected to happening events. Marcel, a black man, arrives from Martinique (an island in the Caribbean Sea), and Samantha, a rich American girl, meet each other in college and fall in love. Both of them face obstacles in their lives: Marcel was grown up in a poor extended but a friendly family, while Samantha was a daughter of rich but divorced parents. Marcel comes to the U.S. to become a professional dancer, while Sam decided to become an attorney at law just like her father. Being lovers they decide to spend their Christmas holidays together and go to New York. Next holidays they go to Marcel’s homeland, Martinique, where they realize that there lives a woman who is pregnant by him. At that time all dreams of Sam just collapse due to this bitter disappointm…

 

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The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008

In The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008, Paul Krugman warns us that America’s gloomy future might parallel those of other countries. Like diseases that are making a stronger, more resistant comeback, the causes of the Great Depression are looming ahead and much more probable now after the great housing bubble in 2002. In his new and revised book, he emphasizes even more on the busts of Japan and the crises in Latin America (i.e: Argentina), and explains how and why several specific events–recessions, inflationary spiraling, currency devaluations–happened in many countries. Although he still does not give us any solid options or specific steps to take to save America other than those proposed by other economists, he thoroughly examines international policies and coherently explains to us average citizens how the world is globalizing–that the world is becoming flatter and countries are now even more dependent on each other.
The main ideas in Krugman’s book revolve around the “Keynesian Compact” or the “neoclassical consensus”. Krugman suggests five general so…

 

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Four Elements of the Marketing Mix

What does the phrase marketing mix mean? What is the purpose of the marketing mix? The marketing mix is a process most organizations use to bring a product or service to market. The four Ps is a good way to define the marketing mix tool. The four Ps or four elements of the marketing mix are product, place, price, and promotion, which are used to satisfy consumers’ needs and the objectives of the organization. After a target market is selected, “…the firm must take steps to satisfy [the customers] needs” (Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2009 p. 13). The basic concept of the marketing mix is to focus on what customers want and to keep customers satisfied. Although the marketing mix is a unique way to market a product or service, satisfying the consumers’ needs and wants is every marketer’s main goal.
Aspects of the Marketing Mix
The best way to define a market is to recognize the needs and wants of consumers and then focus on meeting those needs and wants. In today’s advertising industry, marketers use the marketing mix as a tool to satisfy their target consumers. Furthermore, the marke…

 

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Economics and Growth

The demand curve is likely to change upwards or rise as a result of changes in a number of factors. One, if there is a move up in the price of an alternative commodity, or decrease in price of the given commodity’s accompaniment. Two, if there is a rise in buyers’ income. Three, if the taste as well as preferencs of the consumers shifts in regard to the particular product or service under consideration. Four, when there is a decrease in the cost of borrowing. And finally, if there is an overall increase in the buyers’ trust accompanied with optimism for the particular product or service.
Consequently, the outward change in the demand curve gives rise to a shift also referred to as expansion, along the supply curve coupled with an increase in the equilibrium price as well as quantity. In such a case, the suppliers will increase he quantity of their supplies at that higher price, thus gain more from sales. On the other hand, the opposite effects will take place if there is an inward change of demand. It is important to note that, a movement of the demand curve does not influence any …

 

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What is Sociology?

What is Sociology?
After reviewing the article titles given for this first assignment, I believe they indicate that Sociology, generally speaking, is not only a study of diversity or commonality in traits among people; it is also a science about factors in a person’s life and how these factors culminate responses. Interestingly enough, its topics of concern seem to be directly determined by current and common events of the world. Through the invention and expansion of new ideas, popular trends and fashions through time, Sociology adapts to responsibly to service the very subjects of interest it studies; for, even the slightest change of a person’s daily experience can have an insurmountable impact on attitude, personal growth, family dynamics and basic group behavior.
As case and point, “the impact of the Internet is far greater than any other communicative tool in the history of mass communications” (Elliot, 2008, para. 1). With an expansive, yet extremely convenient means to electronically join people through business, relationships, education and more, Sociology assumes the …

 

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Economics Research Paper

Social studies is a huge part of the elementary curriculum. Without social studies, elementary students would have a huge gap in their knowledge content. Economics is responsible for providing a large amount of information to students. For third graders, the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction places economics under goal five. Goal five divides communities and the basic economic principles into seven objectives. The first objective for third grade economics asks for students to understand the definition of scarcity and be able to provide examples. In order to understand scarcity, students must first understand the difference between a want and a need. A want is something that you wish to possess but is not necessary for survival. Some examples of wants include a laptop, a new sofa, or a big-screen television. A need is something that you must have to live. Some examples of needs include water, shelter, and food. Scarcity deals with the fact that, as humans, we have an unlimited number of wants and needs. However, the earth’s resources are limited and that creates an …

 

 

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Principles of Economics

Buying a new home can either be an exciting experience in someones life, or can be a major heache with serious consequences. I was fortunate enough to get a house the a VA loan, and the process was somewhat more simple, because I did not have to do the majority of tasks by myself. I advise all of my friends and family, or whomever wants to purchase a home to consider many factors before making that decsions. Principles of economics plays a vital role in the decision making process when wanting to purchase a home. At the time, when I bought my house I didn’t know this but now since I am more knowledgeable on the economical principles, I realized I was applying all these steps unintentionally. Overall buying my home, was a major decision, and I know realize the consequences if not considering factors such as the economy, marginal cost and benfits, or even the right timeing of the supply and demand.
Principles of Economics
The principles of economics are what consumers use on a regular basis when dealing with trade, cost, products and services. This relates to my purchase decision w…

 

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